The purpose of this chapter is to build a bridge between various theoretical and political debates around indigenous identities, and this involves crossing national and conceptual borders. It is hoped that these theoretical reflections contribute to a critical re-thinking of some constructions of “being indigenous” that may be leading to new exclusions. I will first discuss the origin and the concepts “indigeneity/indigenous” historizing the transnational processes of the last five decades through which the concepts have been appropriated to create spaces of political organization in anti-colonial struggles. Then I will locate these processes in the context of the political debates on multicultural reforms and indigenous rights in Latin America. In the third section I will approach the debates on Neoliberal Multiculturalism, emphasizing the way in which organized indigenous peoples have confronted this new form of governance of the Latin American Nation-States.